They built them for a lot of reasons. Warlords in 9th century France constructed the first castles little more than wooden forts surrounding their homes to protect their families and the local farmers from pillaging. Vikings from the 11th through the 14th centuries, part of a period known as Middle Ages or the medieval era. King's built castles to show off their power and the wealth. It was a time when land was more precious than gold, and Kings rewarded their most loyal supporters by granting them pieces of the realm and Noble titles.These Lords and ladies then built castles and hired their own supporters, such as Knights, for defense and peasants and to farm the lands outside the Castle, a system of government known as federalism. No matter who were you in this federal society, the Castle loomed large in your life. 

How were castles built?

 Stone keeps, molds and Castle walls were major construction projects involving thousands of workers and taking years, even decades to complete. Workers quarried stone and hauled it to the beating site in boats or horse drawn wagons.Freemasons shape the stones into square blocks that rocked Masons set to build the walls. Blacksmiths fixed the tools. Carpenters created scaffoldings, diggers dug the moat, and, well lime burners created the mother that had the stone together. A medieval Castle breeding site looked like a modern construction zone. Workers weilded familiar tools Hammers, chisel, mortar, Travis and saws.They used winches and hoists to lift heavy loads. The difference, of course, is that all these tools and lifting machines were people powered. All of these workers had to be paid, making Castle building and expensive business. Thousands of local peasants, Meanwhile, might be forced to handle heavy labor for no pay. It's no surprise that Many peasants hated castles.

Why did Kings and Lords attack castles? 

Castle sieges were common in Middle Ages. Any Lord who built a Castle without the King's permission risked having it taken away or destroyed. And an ambitious Lord couldn't conquer new territory unless he took control of each Castle along the way. Otherwise, his army faced constant harassment from soldiers stationed in each.The enemy castles and many castles were the worth the risk and expense of a siege because they sat in strategic locations alongside vital river routes or near important cities. Dover Castle, overlooking the English Channel, was considered the key to England's defense. If it fell, the rest of England would be easy pickings. However, castles concluded all the sieges started the same way. The attacking army would surround a Castle making sure no one inside could escape and no one outside could sneak with food.With their blockade in place, the procedures could try these options. 

Negotiation

 Once it had a Castle surrounded a siege army would send its message to request the surrender of the besieged. Sometimes a Castle Lord or Constable would promise to give up. If frenzy displacement didn't arrive within a month the surrendering Castle guards would be allowed to leave peacefully.Although the Lord and lady might be held for ransom.

Deception

The history of siege warfare is filled with tales of castles lost to cunning tricks. Rather than after long bloody battles. Attackers might bribe Castle guards to lower the drawbridge. For instance, sometimes messenger would send men at arms disguised as merchants to Castle gates. When the starving defenders rushed out to by surprise, the attacking army would charge in

 Starvation

 Castle was pricey pieces of property as long as they weren't reduced to rubble. So besiegers preferred to capture them with their walls and towers intact. If they could blockade a Castle long enough its defender would eventually eat all their food and be forced to surrender. Or starve.

 Excavation

Besiegers could send special miners called sappers to the tunnel meaning the Castle walls and caused them to collapse. Castle defenders often placed pots of water around the walls to detect the vibrations of enemy mining operations. If they suspected eternal walls in the work they'd dig their own counter mine and fight the sappers in ferocious underground battles.

 Destruction

When these tactics failed, attackers had no choice but to build siege engines.Devices designed to batter the Castle and its defenders. Catapults heard snow stones that smashed voice and the people hiding behind them. Attackers traced long ladders and rolled tall towers alongside the Castle to storm the walls. The CASA's Garrison of Knights and soldiers, Meanwhile mounted a furious defense raining arrows and boiling water on the attackers and shoving siege ladders away from the walls. By the time the Castle fell, both sides would suffer heavy losses.

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 Researchers can only guess when humans first began forming sounds into words to communicate thoughts(there certainly weren't any books to record the invention of language).Ancestors of the human species possessed the mouth and throat parts necessary organs to pronounce words nearly 2 million years ago, but they likely didn't have to talk much  about until they started creating complex tools  and building fires more than a million year later. The first system of words might have described tools and fire-making techniques,"Carl blow fire, fire grow big".

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A humanoid robot is a robot with a body shape of a human. These robots may be designed for many purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments, and for experimental purposes also, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, and for other purpose like as a TV host or waiter.These robots are robots built to mimic human motion and interaction. Like all service robots, they provide value by automating tasks in a way that leads to cost-savings and productivity. Humanoid robots are a relatively new form of professional service robot.

1-Sophia

Sophia is a social humanoid robot developed by company Hanson Robotics. Sophia was started on February 14, 2016, and made its first public appearance at South by Southwest Festival in mid-March 2016 in Austin, Texas, United States. It is able make more than 50 facial expressions.

Sophia Robot

2-Rashmi

Ranjit  Srivastava developed the world's first Hindi speaking humanoid robot named Rashmi, shows. Rashmi can speak Hindi, Bhojpuri and Marathi along with English, embodies linguistic interpretation ,has  artificial intelligence, visual data and facial recognition systems.

Rashmi

5- Asimo

ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility) is a humanoid robot that is made by Honda in 2000. It is currently in display in the Miraikan museum in Tokyo, Japan.

 Honda began developing humanoid robots in the 1980s, including several prototypes that preceded ASIMO . The company's goal was to create a walking robot. E0 was the first bipedal (two-legged) model produced as part of the Honda E series, which was an early experimental line of self-regulating, humanoid walking robot with wireless movements created between 1986 and 1993.

Asimo

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Introduction to Industrial Robots

What are robots?

Why were pyramids so popular in Ancient World?

Why are Maglev more advantageous that conventional steel rails?

Why was the need for transportation felt?

Introduction to Robots

1 -What is a Robot?

Robot is a machine – that is basically programmed by computer and is capable of carrying out a complex series of action automatically. Robots can be controlled by an external control device ,voice command or the control will embedded in his software.

2 - How many generations of robots are there?

There are basically five generation of robot as follows:

1. First generation (1980):-

This generation was mechanical, stationary, precise, fast, physically rugged but it didn’t have external sensors or artificial intelligence.

2.Second generation (1980-1990):-

Robot built was with involved microcomputer control, it could be programmed, also vision systems, as well as tactile, position and pressure sensors.

3.Third generation(mid 1990s and after):-

Robots in this Generation were mobile and autonomous, it was able to recognize and synthesize speech, has incorporated navigation systems or was tel-operated with artificial intelligence.

The fourth and fifth generations robots will have parts of the human. They will be able to reproduce and and will have various human characteristics such as a sense of humor.

3-Why do we need robots?

Robots can do repetitive and very risky tasks ,which humans cannot do because due to size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea. Most robots today do works that are dangerous for humans. Like a robot is a good option for going into a building that has a possible bomb. Robots are used in many factories to build objects like cars, electronics etc.  Robotic technology has helped people who have lost arms or legs or have amputated their parts in any disease like cancer.

Types of Robots

The Industrial Robots are:

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 The ancient Egyptians took Pyramid construction to new heights along the Nile River in North Eastern Africa 5,000 years ago, but they weren't the only civilization to built massive pyramid shaped monuments(or even to mummify their dearly departed, which other ancient cultures also practiced). Pyramids were the most structurally sound building that could be constructed out of stone-as long as a civilization has sufficient rocks to quarry and man power to move them. They came in different forms and functions, as you can can see below.

The Roster of Rocking rock Construction

Temple Of Kukulkan

• Where is it? Tinum, Mexico
• When was it built? Around A.d. 1000
• How big is it: 98 feet(30 m) tall
• Why was it built? As a temple for sacrificial rituals to a Mayan Snake God.

Pyramid of Cestius

• Where is it? Teotihuacan, Mexico
• When was it built? Around A.D. 1000
• How big is it? 234 feet (71 m) tall
• Why was it built? Unknown

Why did Ancient Egyptians built Pyramid?

These mountain size monuments were built as tombs for ancient Egypt King called "Pharaoh". Ancient Egyptians believed their Pharaohs were living gods who deserved towering tombs as a stepping stone to the Heavens. Burial chambers withing the Pyramids had treasure that Pharaoh might need in the Afterlife.

Were Pyramid built by slaves?

No, They were built by Egyptian Farmers drafted into a national labor force called "Corvee" which handled all the heavy lifting. They were fed, clothed, housed, and received medical care when got hurt on construction site. Ancient graffiti hints these men took "proud" in building a house of Eternal Life.

How did Egyptians built pyramid?

The hard way. Before the invention of pulleys and iron tools, workers relied on strong muscles and even stronger ropes. The blocks were through the Nile river across the kingdom. Gangs of workers loaded blocks on wooden sledges and hauled them across the sand moistened with water to reduce friction. Then blocks were carried on ramps at speed of 1 blocks every 2 minutes.

Why did Egyptians mummify their dead?

To the people of Egypt, death was only the beginning. Egyptian kings were thought to become gods when the they passed away. Ordinary Egyptians believed they would spend Eternity with their ancestors in a perfect version of Egypt. But gaining entry in afterlife wasn't easy as tumbling of pyramid. They believed they wouldn't have a happy afterlife without access to their former bodies, so priest perfected the process of mummification.

Process of Mummification

Step no 1

A priest poked a special hook up to the dearly departed  nose to yank(which were considered useless).

Step no 2

The liver, stomach, intestines, and lungs, were all removed, cleaned and preserved and sealed in special canopic jars carved like the faces of gods that will guards these organs.

Step no 3

Priests packed the body inside and out with special salt to sop up the moisture. After 40 days, it was stuffed with plants and rags so it didn't look like a deflated balloon.

Step no 4

Priests rubbed the corpse skin with resins to soften it. Layers of linen treated with oils was wrapped around "Pharaoh", giving it famous look seen in movies. Then priests activated the spells and curses to protect body from robbers.

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Why were so popular in Ancient World?

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What is the Big Bang?

What are Germs?

 Computer in 1950s were the size of a house literally. Today, your vastly more powerful smartphone fits in your jeans pocket. How could anything shrink in size while growing in power? The big breakthrough was the invention of the transistor, a tiny device that controls electronic signals. Like a nerve cell in the human brain, a transistor works with other transistors to store and process information in computing devices and other gadgets. Transistors were installed on silicon microchips, which replaced much larger vacuum tubes in 1950s. Many consider the transistor the greatest invention of the 20^th century. In 1965 Gordon e Moore Co founder of the high tech inter corporation, predicted that the number of transistors that could fit on a microchip would double every 2 years. Known as Moore's law,  his prediction had true. In 1971 computer makers could fit on the about 4000 transistors for chip, by 2011 they could cram in over 2.5 billion. Today engineer are searching for the transistors successor.

Shrinking thinking machines

The Antikythera mechanism

Designed in 100 BC

Input method: Knob and crank

Size: Approximately one foot into six inches into 4 inches

Recovered from a shipwreck of the island of Antikythera in 1900.  This toaster size device may have been the world’s first analogue or mechanical computer. Archaeologists believe the Greeks used in 2000 years ago to calculate the courses of constellations and predict eclipses.  Smaller than a modern PC, the Antikythera mechanism contained at least thirty bronze gears and was remarkably efficient for its size. It even had an instruction manual inscribed on copper plates.

Difference engine

Designed in 1837
Input method: Punched cards
Size:  about as big as your living room

Devised but never actually built by English mathematician Charles Babbage, this massive contraption relied on Metal tumblers and cranks rather than electricity and transistors, yet it had all the components of a modern computer, a memory for storing numbers, A processing unit for calculating math problems, an input device punched cards for entering information, and an output device in the form of printer and a bill, which would be the the first computer with sound effects.

Eniac

ENIAC(Electronic numerical integrator and computer) play what’s the world’s first general purpose electronic computer. although it took days to program eniac could perform thousands of calculation in a second. That power required some serious hardware. Eniac was large enough to live in weighed more than 30 tons and took up the space of a typical single family house. Eniac relied on more than 17,000 soda cans size vacuum tubes that often malfunctioned when the massive machine was powered up. eniac operators came up with a simple solution for that, they never turned it off. The computer ran continuously for more than seven years, it was even rumored that any acts massive power needs for the responsible for occasional power outages in the nearby city of Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.

Apple II

The first successful mass produced "microcomputer" the Apple II offered simplicity, the ability to upgrade, and style in a sleek beach box that hooked to your TV. Although primitive by today’s standards, insert space the apple two sold in millions and ushered in the era of personal computing. It was also one of first personal computers that could play a decent home version of arcade games.

IBM Simon

Considered the first smartphone,  This touch screen controlled device combined the features of computer email client, calculator, calendar, appointment scheduler etc with a cell phone which transmits radio signal to the nearest cell antenna to communicate with other cell phone users. Paving the way for today’s iPhone and tablets, it was the first phone that did other things and one of the first computers you could fit in your pocket.

Google Glass

The first in the new wave of variable computers, Google Glass combines a tiny computer with a pair of glasses and works like a smartphone for your eyeballs. It displays all sorts of handy data from text messages to directions. Critics complaint that the device built in camera represents an invasion of privacy.

Oculus Rift

The long awaited promise of exploring virtual reality comes true in this headset decked out with high definition displays for each eyeball, creating a three dimensional wrap around view that shifts with your head movements without any noticeable lag.  It might be the closest you will get to experience Harry Potters reality shifting room of requirements in real time, as long as you don't get upchuck from motion sickness.

Quantum computer

With transistors and microchips shrinking to there dinkiest point, computer engineers are thinking small to create the next big thing. By using sub atomic particles instead of transistors, The Quantum Computer of 2020 could pack 1000 times more processing power than today's computer in a case the size of a coffee cup.

Is my brain more powerful than a supercomputer?

It’s not really fair to compare that 3 pound melon of nerves in your noggin with a silicon and plastic computer the size of a master bedroom. Human brains process and store information in vastly different ways than a computer, for starters but just for fun let’s compare the hardware specs of the computer on your shoulder with those of IBM Watson’s, the artificially intelligent machine that used its vast resources of data and its ability to understand speech to beat two former champions on the TV quiz show jeopardy!

The winner

Your Brain

Watson may have licked 2 humans in the game of trivia, but it thousand of cores still can’t come close to replicate the complexity of human brain. Human brain can achieve more than 1 trillion neural connection and can store 300 hours of TV show. Still scientists suspect they able to a built a computer that replicate brain power.

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Why are computers getting smaller?(& smaller)

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